通过食用本文，你可以获取到以下相关知识：

1.决定英短尖点色、阴影色的基因及其遗传方式。

2.猫咪毛色中金化和银化的区别和原理。

3.众说纷纭的带宽基因Wb的遗传理论。

以下为翻译文章原文，和加上笔者个人理解后的翻译。

本篇文章涉及【英国短毛猫】品种中，尖点色和阴影色的【带宽基因Wb】所控制的外观表现。

4. Tortoiseshe

This article looks at the appearance of "ultra wide-band" in Tipped and Shaded Golden British Shorthairs. These are also known as Golden Chinchilla and Golden Shell.

英国短毛猫 British Shorthairs金尖点色=金贝壳色=Tipped Golden=Golden Shell金阴影色=金吉拉色=Shaded Golden=Golden Chinchilla带宽基因 ultra wide-band注：下文统一用金-尖点色、金-阴影色，望周知。

“铜色”这一说法是Linda Petersson Wahlqvist用来描述有着以下外观的金尖点色（金贝壳色）猫咪：白脚趾、白肚皮、尾尖长着尖端为深色（黑/蓝）的金色毛发、无深色眼线。

The term "copper" was adopted by Linda Petersson Wahlqvist to describe Golden Shell cats with white toes, white undersides, golden colour with the dark tips (e.g. black or blue) restricted to the tail tip and an absence of dark nose-liner.

这些外观表现偏离了【尖点色猫咪】的标准，但在俄罗斯和一些德国血统的金色英国短毛猫中却大量出现。

铜色这一说法并不是官方用法，用来描述这种特别的外观性状。

These phenotype deviates from the standard for tipped cats, but is becoming prevalent in Russia and in some German lines of British Golden Shorthairs.
"Copper" is not an official term, but it allows breeders to describe the phenotype in a single word.

“诺兰”的尖点色毛发只在尖端有颜色

俄罗斯出现的极端金的现象

Emergence of Extreme Golden in Russia

这个部分最早发布于俄罗斯网站：Shaded Cats（不懂俄语不要点了）

This section is an English language summary of information>一般呢，金化和银化现象都视作尖点色下的两种相关颜色。

理想的尖点色毛发，尖端的颜色不超过整根毛发的1/8，而且看不到虎斑花纹。

银化是满足无虎斑花纹这一条的，但是在金化现象中就不满足了：

金化披毛的单根毛发通常会有两个以上的色段，且该类型猫咪还能看着尾巴上的环纹。

传统的金化猫咪仍然会表达颜色基因——黑色、蓝色等等。

Traditionally, gold and silver were seen as related colours belonging to the category of tipped colours. Ideally the tipping should not exceed 1/8 of the hair, and there should be no trace of tabby markings. This was achieved in silvers, but not in goldens. Typically, golden cats had ticked fur with 2 or more bands of colour, and they had residual markings including rings>

这种在欧洲出现的新型金化猫咪们，并不是ny11(虎斑金化)，它们是ny25(细纹金化)。

这种金化猫咪在俄罗斯很受欢迎。

成猫特殊的披毛看不出任何虎斑纹路：胸前没有斑纹，尾巴上也没有环纹。

The new goldens that appeared in Europe were not ny11 (tabby-based goldens) they were ny25 (ticked-based goldens). The new goldens attracted a lot of interest in Russia. In adulthood the cats had extremely uniform tipping with no hint of a tabby pattern. There were no markings>

这些猫咪非常接近标准里的理想金色，所以它们在市场上拥有巨大的优势。

美中不足的就是毛发的尖端不是基因色（而且鼻子一圈的毛也不是Agouti猫咪所呈现的暗色）

这种新型的金色和银色猫咪在繁育人圈子里越来越受欢迎。不仅仅是因为他们喜欢这种花纹，而且这种猫咪在比赛中更有竞争力获得成功。

These cats had a huge advantage because they were closer to the “ideal” golden colour in the standard. But they also were deficient against the standard because the hairs were not tipped with the genetic colour (and the nose leather did not have a dark outline which should be present in agouti cats). The new extreme golden and new silver cats increased in popularity with many breeders being drawn into it, not always because they like it better, but because it was competitive and was “the way to go” to succeed at shows.

一些繁育人尝试着把猫咪深浅间隔的花纹去除，让毛色尽可能的温暖和明亮。

为了做到这种效果，他们会跨品种与细纹虎斑猫杂交，以去除一道一道的虎斑花纹。

以细纹为基础的银化和金化猫咪仍然是长着细纹虎斑毛发的：银色里掺着浅灰色，金色里掺着黄色。但这不影响整体的视觉效果。

Some breeders tried to remove the pattern and to make the colour as warm and bright as possible. To accomplish this they outcrossed to genetically ticked tabbies to remove any trace of a tabby pattern. Ticked-based silvers and goldens still had ticked hairs (pale grey in the case of silvers, yellow in the case of goldens), but this was not detrimental to the overall effect.

繁育人，尤其是俄罗斯的繁育人，进一步挑选最浅色的金吉拉猫咪繁育，这些金色猫咪有着白脚趾且眼周也是白色的。

有些猫是浅淡黄色的金色，脚趾几乎是白色的。一些人担心这种颜色继续变淡可能就不再是金化猫咪了，另一些人相信如果没有颜色减淡就不算浅金色。

争议就产生了：什么才是真正的金色——是没有经减淡的金色，还是金色伴有浅色爪子和浅色腹部。

Breeders, particularly in Russia, continued to select the brightest gold chinchillas to breed with and the brightest, most orange, golden cats had pale toes and pale markings around the eyes. Some cats were a pale yellowish gold with nearly-white toes. Some breeders worried that this bleaching turned golden cats into something else. Others believe that there is no really bright golden colour without some degree of bleaching. This caused debates over which was the true golden colour –gold with not bleaching, or bright gold with bleached toes and bleached underparts.

秋田犬 VS 柴犬

秋田犬的颜色相比于柴犬要浅一些，它的颜色也被称之为“铜色”。

大家都努力繁育这种浅浅的极端金猫咪，这种颜色通常认为比普通的金化红色系颜色更具特色，因为金化红色看着也跟不金化的红色猫看起来差不多。

许多俄罗斯繁育人觉得没必要把铜色定义为一个新的颜色，它是繁育完美的金色猫咪过程中产生的一个天然的颜色。

即使是淡金色的小猫也没啥事儿——虽然它们可能上不了展台，但它们可以生出红色系的小猫。

The bleached (or “excessive”) version was termed “Akita” after the Akita Inu (Shiba Inu) dog, and is also known as “copper.” Nobody stopped the breeding of the extreme golden cats with bleaching and the colour was seen as more distinctive than the ordinary golden-red colour, which was too much like an ordinary red-ticked cat. Many of the Russian breeders do not feel the need to separate the Akita/Copper cats into a new colour, but see it as a natural evolution of colour to create the perfect golden cat. Even the pale goldens are not a problem – while they may not be show-quality, they can produce bright red kittens.

欧洲的情况 Investigations in Europe

阴影色和尖点色（含金吉拉色和贝壳色）的作用基因有以下三种共同决定：

1. 显性色素抑制基因 I（银化）
2. 带宽基因Wb
3. 细纹虎斑

在银化猫咪中，I是存在的；在金化猫咪中，没有I。

带宽基因Wb完全独立于抑制基因 I ，但它本身是多基因遗传，只是用简化为Wb去描述。

不带I的细纹虎斑，Wb会抑制毛发的根部色素合成：这样就在皮肤和色素正常段毛发之间，生成了一个浅黄色的区段。

通过选择性育种，这一段浅黄色区段的宽度被大大增加。我们用Wb、Wb+和Wb++来描述具有正常、中等和极高宽带宽度的猫咪。

Shaded and tipped (shell/chinchilla) are due to the dominant Inhibitor gene (silver) + presence of Wide Band + the Ticked Tabby pattern. In silver cats the dominant Inhibitor is present. In golden cats, the dominant Inhibitor is absent. Wide Band is independent from the Inhibitor gene and though "Wb" is treated as a single dominant gene for simplicity, it appears to act as polygenes with an additive effect. In ticked tabby cats without silver, Wide Band restricts the pigment to the end of the hair leaving a pale golden band between the skin and the pigment. Through selective breeding, this effect has been maximised. The variability of the wide band suggests we should talk about Wb, Wb+ and Wb++ to describe cats with normal, intermediate and greater degrees of Wide Banding.